Shiva, Fricker, and Stone mention the use of local (indigenous) environmental knowledge (LEK) as an important form of knowledge for sustainability. Shiva wishes to defend and utilize LEK to it's fullest extent, especially of women, while Stone recognizes some limitations (such as normal human bias and the dynamic nature of knowledge). What should be the place of LEK in ecological research? How can LEK be best incorporated or utilized for sustainability?
Beckerman indicates that concern for the environment increases as affluence increases, however, Fricker (192) indicates the opposite. What factors can account for this discrepency? Are either "true" and how do we know given all the limitations of measuring environmental concern and sustainability?
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